Chin surgery

This article covers the implant and bone operations used to change the position and the shape of the chin, the choice of method, recovery and the risks. An expectation about laxity along the jawline and one about the bone structure of the chin are assessed separately. No particular chin shape is taken as a target for everyone, and not having surgery is also an option.

What is chin surgery?

Chin surgery covers adding volume to the chin with an implant, or changing its shape and position by operating on the bone.¹ An implant is a foreign material placed in the body. The procedure in which the bone is cut and repositioned is called osseous genioplasty.²

Changing the projection of the chin is not the same operation as moving the tooth-bearing part of the lower jaw.³ Where there is a problem with the bite, the plan is not built on the aim of appearance alone; correction directed at the chin is separated from treatment directed at the position of the jaws relative to one another.¹

Tissues that have moved downwards along the jawline are not the surgical target of this article. How that distinction relates to the face and the neck is covered separately in the planning section.

Who is it suitable for?

An assessment can be made in people who are troubled by the appearance of the chin, whose general health is suitable for surgery, and whose expectations match the change that can be achieved.⁴ The decision is not built on resembling someone else's appearance or reaching a single ideal shape.⁴

A chin that sits back, one that projects too far, and a difference in shape do not call for the same correction; adding volume with an implant and reducing bone are different aims.¹ Which feature is to be changed is determined by assessing the front and side views together.

Not every difference in facial appearance creates a need for surgery. Where the expected change, the scar and the risks are not acceptable to the person, not operating or deferring the decision is possible. The examination is carried out not only to choose the method to be used, but also to understand whether the expectation lies within the limits of this operation.

What does the examination assess?

The position and shape of the chin: The projection of the chin, its height, its width and the difference between the two sides are assessed. Changing the position of the bone and adding volume in front of it are treated as separate options.¹³

The jawline and the neck: An expectation about the chin is separated from the presence of laxity along the jawline or fullness beneath the chin. Where there are complaints from more than one area, a separate aim is recorded for each; the name of a single procedure does not mean all of those expectations will be met.

Teeth and bite: The relationship of the lower and upper teeth, complaints about chewing and previous jaw treatment are asked about; a condition affecting the bite needs handling separately from the appearance of the chin.¹ Pain, locking or difficulty opening the mouth at the jaw joint are also reported at the examination.

Sensation and lip movement: Existing numbness, altered feeling in the lower lip and chin, and any difference in movement between the two sides are recorded. Telling a change in sensation that develops after surgery apart from a complaint present beforehand matters.⁵

Previous procedures and health history: Previous jaw surgery, implants, fillers or fat injection; medicines in use, allergies and health problems are reported.⁶ When the procedure was carried out and whether any problem followed are stated as clearly as possible. Existing imaging and surgical records can help the assessment.

How is the operation planned?

Is it the chin or the jawline that is being addressed?

The aim of this article is the bone structure of the chin and the volume added to it. Laxity along the jawline is a soft tissue aim, covered in the face lift and neck lift articles. Adding volume to the chin does not mean those tissues have been lifted.

Where there is an expectation about the position of cheek tissue, a midface lift is assessed separately. Although different procedures can be planned in the same session, which area will be addressed by which procedure is determined beforehand. It is not assumed that a face lift or a neck lift will also be carried out when chin surgery is planned.

Implant or bone surgery?

The choice between an implant and bone surgery varies according to the person's findings and the surgeon's preference; both methods can be used. An implant changes the appearance of the chin through the volume added over the bone.¹ In bone surgery a procedure is carried out on the bony part of the chin; depending on the correction planned, the position of that part can be changed.³

In genioplasty, where the bone is repositioned, plates and screws can be used to hold the new position.⁷ These fixation materials do not serve the same purpose as an implant used to add volume to the chin. Which movement will be made and how it will be fixed is determined in the surgical plan.

In a review of 7 studies comparing the two methods, no meta-analysis was carried out because of the small number of studies and the differences between them.² For that reason it is not said that one method is better for everyone, nor that all the outcomes of the two methods are equivalent. The choice is made taking into account the expected change together with the scar, sensation, materials and the possibility of further correction.

Is the incision made inside the mouth or beneath the chin?

Both the intraoral and the submental routes can be used; the choice varies according to the person and the surgeon's preference. The American Society of Plastic Surgeons states that the route of incision in chin surgery is determined by the technique and the surgeon's approach.⁸ The care of an incision made inside the mouth is not the same as the care of an incision in the skin.⁹

In the abstract of a review of implants covering 39 publications and more than 3,104 people, implant removal was reported at 1.5 per cent with the intraoral route and 0.5 per cent with the extraoral route, and asymmetry at 0.7 and 7.5 per cent respectively.¹⁰ 31 of the publications in that review are retrospective case series; these results are not a comparison of two randomly assigned incision groups, nor are they rates for bone surgery.¹⁰ Different outcomes pointing in different directions show that a single route should not be chosen for everyone by looking at the name of the incision.

When is fat injection considered?

According to the surgeon's assessment, fat injection can also be among the options. The aim is defined separately here; a wish to add volume to the chin is not taken as the same as a wish to change the position of the bone or to correct laxity along the jawline. The method of fat injection and its own risks are the subject of a separate article.

The plan is not built on the name of the procedure alone. Which area volume will be added to, and whether that will be handled on its own or together with another procedure, is explained. No promise is made that fat injection will achieve the same change as an implant or bone surgery in every situation.

Are the bite and the jaw joint assessed?

Although the bite and the shape of the chin are assessed in relation to one another, they are not the same surgical aim. Genioplasty is described as surgery of the chin that does not cover the tooth-bearing part of the lower jaw.³ The ASPS information states that separate procedures directed at the position of the upper or lower jaw may be needed for chewing and the bite.¹

Where there is a problem with the bite or a complaint about the joint, the necessary dental, orthodontic or jaw surgery assessment is treated as part of the plan. Changing the appearance of the chin is not taken to mean that those complaints will also resolve. Which problem calls for which assessment is clarified first.

How is the anaesthetic planned?

The operation is performed under general anaesthetic and takes 1-2 hours. The hospital stay is planned as 1 night. Decisions about the method and any added procedures are assessed together with the health history.⁶

If another operation is added, the operation time, the hospital stay and the recovery timetable are reassessed together. The timetable in this article is the clinical framework given for surgery directed at the chin; it is not used as the timetable for a more extensive jaw or facial operation.

How do you prepare for surgery?

Smoking and nicotine: Smoking is a risk factor for wound healing problems after surgery. Direct surgical data on nicotine products other than cigarettes are scarcer. The practice reference of the American Society of Plastic Surgeons notes a lack of clinical data on e-cigarette use and surgical risk, but states that because nicotine is known to reduce blood flow, e-cigarettes and other nicotine products are regarded as a potential risk factor.¹¹ Stopping smoking, vaping and other nicotine-containing products at least 1 month before the operation, and not using them after surgery until healing is complete, is therefore advised. The studies below concern smoking cessation; their results do not establish the same reduction in risk for every nicotine product. A review pooling 6 randomised and 15 observational studies showed that every week of abstinence added benefit, and that studies with at least 4 weeks of abstinence produced markedly better results than shorter ones.¹² A study appraising systematic reviews together reported that cessation interventions beginning at least 4 weeks before surgery and combining multiple behavioural support sessions with pharmacotherapy reduced complications. The same study notes that interventions with only one component, even when started more than 4 weeks before surgery, raise quit rates without reducing complications.¹³ Shorter intervals are not useless either: in a meta-analysis of 55 studies covering adults undergoing a range of operations, the risk of pulmonary complications was 27 per cent lower in relative terms among those who stopped at least 2 weeks before surgery, and 29 per cent lower among those who stopped at least 4 weeks before, compared with those who continued smoking.¹⁴ The benefit therefore grows as the interval lengthens; being late does not make stopping pointless. The interval applied and the nicotine policy can vary from surgeon to surgeon.

Coexisting illness: Diabetes and blood pressure are expected to be under control before surgery. Where there is an active infection in the body, surgery is postponed.

Medication: Blood thinners and some herbal products can increase bleeding. Every medicine and supplement you take needs to be declared. Prescribed medication should not be stopped on your own decision.

Tests and anaesthetic assessment: The tests required are determined by general health and by the anaesthetic assessment. Any previous problem with anaesthesia or drug allergy should be declared. The instructions given about fasting and about how to take medication on the day of surgery are followed.

Home and transport: Someone is arranged to accompany you home on discharge. The timing of check-ups, the help you may need in the first days and the plan for time off work are organised beforehand. Follow the surgical team's guidance on preparing the operation area; do not shave or prepare the incision area at home on your own initiative.

The mouth and previous procedures: Where an intraoral incision is planned, the cleaning and eating arrangements are explained before surgery.⁹ Any current complaint about the teeth or gums, sores inside the mouth and previous jaw surgery are reported. No mouthwash, spray or medicine is started independently at home; the preparation plan given is followed.

What is recovery like?

The times below are the clinical timetable approved by the surgeon. They are assessed together with the type of operation, the physical demands of your work and the course of your healing. The arrival of the day in the timetable does not mean that activity can be resumed independently of examination.

A hospital stay of 1 night is planned. The first check-up is within the first week. 1 week is expected for stitch removal. 1 week is allowed for returning to desk work; a return to driving can be assessed within 1-3 days. 2 weeks is expected for returning to sport, and 2-4 weeks for a full return to daily life.

Bruising is expected to settle over 7-10 days and marked swelling over 1 week. The shape becomes possible to assess over 1-2 months, while residual mild swelling can last 2-3 months. Assessing the shape does not mean that all swelling has finished by that day.

At check-ups it is not only the outward appearance that is assessed, but also the incision and the feeling in the lower lip. Numbness of the lower lip can settle over a different period from the swelling; the information on osseous genioplasty states that numbness can last months.⁷ A new or increasing complaint is not explained by the timetable alone.

What to pay attention to after surgery

The information below is a general framework of care. Where the instructions you were given differ, your surgeon's instructions apply. Dressings, eating, mouth care and scar care are arranged according to the method used.

Strips and check-ups: The dressing varies with the type of operation; usually only strips, that is wound closure tapes, are used. When the strips are removed or changed is decided at the check-up. The first check-up is within the first week; stitch removal is planned as 1 week. An incision inside the mouth is not treated as the same area of care as the tapes on the outside.

Sleeping: Rest with the head elevated. Your surgeon decides how long that position and the avoidance of physical strain are continued. A sleeping position that puts no pressure on the incision is preferred. Returning to sleeping on the side or front is assessed according to the state of the incision and the swelling.

Cold application: Cold is applied to the operated area without pressing on it. The form and duration of the application are determined by your surgeon's instructions.

Showering, wound and dressings: When you may shower depends on the dressing used. If there is a skin incision, once allowed you can shower without rubbing the wound and pat the area dry gently. Baths, swimming pools and the sea wait until the wound has closed completely.

Eating: The eating arrangement varies with the type of operation; usually soft food is taken during the first week. The consistency of food and the return to normal eating are determined by the surgeon's instructions. This arrangement does not mean the same period of liquid feeding or the same day of transition for every procedure.

Mouth care: Where there is no intraoral incision, no special mouth care directed at such an incision is needed; ordinary oral hygiene continues. Where there is an intraoral incision, a mouthwash and a spray are used. How, how often and for how long they are used varies with the type of operation and the surgeon's instructions. Cleaning the teeth is carried out without straining the incision line, according to the care plan given.

Movement: Strain such as bending the head down, straining and heavy lifting is limited in the early period. Movements that stretch or rub the incision area are avoided. Even if you feel well, do not return to strenuous activity suddenly. Activity and rest through the day are organised according to the plan given on discharge.

Pain: There may be pain, tenderness and tightness in the chin.⁷ The painkillers provided are used as instructed. Pain that increases rather than settling, becomes markedly one-sided, or worsens despite the treatment given is reported. The surgical team is told if a new painkiller or additional medicine is to be used.

Returning to work and sport: 1 week is allowed for returning to desk work; for work with a heavy physical load, suitability is assessed separately. 2 weeks is expected for returning to sport and 2-4 weeks for a full return to daily life. Assessment by the surgeon is awaited separately for activities that could cause a blow or pressure to the chin. A return is not increased suddenly simply because the timetable has run its course.

Driving: A return to driving can be assessed within 1-3 days. The effects of the anaesthetic on attention and reflexes must have passed, and there must be no dizziness or use of painkillers that cause drowsiness. You should be able to turn your head, follow the traffic comfortably and make sudden manoeuvres without pain. Where these conditions are not met, driving is not resumed even if the timetable has run its course. A companion is arranged for the journey home on discharge.

Sexual activity: A return can be assessed once everyday movements no longer cause marked pain and you feel comfortable. Pressure on the head and the chin area, movements that stretch the incision line, and marked straining are avoided. Rather than a fixed day, the course of healing and the surgeon's advice are taken as the guide.

Smoking: Smoking impairs wound healing after surgery as well; cigarettes and nicotine products should be avoided until healing is complete.

Findings that are normal: Swelling, bruising and tightness around the chin can occur.⁷ Numbness or altered feeling can also occur.⁵ What matters is less the presence of a mild finding than how it changes. Swelling that increases rather than settling, pain that progresses, new discharge or separation of the wound is not waited out as ordinary healing.

How do the scars change?

Osseous genioplasty carried out from inside the mouth is described as an approach that does not require an incision in the facial skin.⁷ That does not mean the wound inside the mouth needs no care.⁹ Where an external incision beneath the chin has been used, there is a scar in the skin; a conspicuous scar is among the reported risks of chin surgery.⁵

Maturing of the scar is expected to take 4-6 months. An incision line that looks red, firm or more prominent early on is assessed over that period. The final appearance of the scar is not settled on how it looks at the first check-up. The recovery timetable is not a promise that the scar will fade to the same degree in everyone.

Scar care varies with the type of operation. Where there is an external incision, silicone gel and massage are advised; when they are begun and how they are applied are determined by the surgeon according to how the incision is healing. This care is not applied to an incision inside the mouth. Where there is wound separation, discharge or increasing tenderness, it is not treated as merely part of the scar maturing; assessment is requested.

Risks and complications

The risks of an implant and of bone surgery are not the same; the method used and the scope of the operation are explained separately.² A complication percentage seen in one study is not interpreted as a personal risk without knowing the method and the follow-up conditions. The ASPS likewise states that the possibility of further correction is included in the assessment for chin surgery.⁵

Problems of shape, symmetry and position

Asymmetry, failure to achieve the expected change, an irregular appearance or a need for further surgery can develop.⁵ Recording the differences present at the outset helps in assessing which change is new during healing. Early swelling and a difference in position remaining later are not decided upon at the same stage.

Displacement of an implant and healing of the bone segment in a position other than the one planned are separate problems.² Where correction is considered, the problem is assessed not by the appearance in a photograph alone but together with the method used, the incision and the existing complaints.

The lower lip and sensation in the chin

The mental nerve relates to sensation in the lower lip and the skin of the chin. A change of feeling in that area is not the same finding as loss of movement in the lip muscles. Numbness, tingling or altered feeling can develop after chin surgery.⁵

The information on osseous genioplasty from Cambridge University Hospitals states that the settling of numbness in the lower lip can take months and can be permanent in a small number of people.⁷ Early numbness is therefore not called permanent damage, nor is it said that every numbness will certainly resolve. New loss of feeling or a marked change in lip movement is reported at the check-up.

Problems related to the implant

Displacement of the implant, infection and the formation of a thick, tight capsule around it are among the risks related to a chin implant.⁵ Separation of the wound or exposure of the implant can call for further intervention, removal of the implant or its replacement.² These are not outcomes that will occur in everyone; where there are symptoms, they are assessed according to the cause.

Resorption, that is loss of bone, can develop in the bone beneath the implant. In the review assessing radiographic examinations, the reported frequency varies widely between studies; 7 studies reported no resorption, while 5 reported more than 85 per cent.¹⁵ In that review of 28 studies, follow-up was shorter than 5 years in most of them and the mean depth of resorption reported was less than 2 mm.¹⁵ These values are not a safe upper limit for everyone; the relationship of deeper loss with the tooth roots and with the area where the nerve leaves the bone matters.¹⁵

The same review states that only 4 studies had a mean follow-up of more than 10 years, and that those studies had very small samples.¹⁵ Short-term follow-up without problems is therefore not proof that no change will occur later. Assessment is requested for new pain, a change in shape or a complaint about sensation.

Problems related to bone surgery

Healing of the cut bone in an unsuitable position, or failure to heal, are among the problems noted in the review of osseous genioplasty.² These call for the fixation and the healing to be assessed separately from the appearance of the chin. A reduction in swelling is not used on its own to decide that bone healing is complete.

A problem related to the plates and screws, such as infection or a situation calling for their removal, can occur.⁷ The absence of volume added with a chin implant does not mean there will be no problem with the fixation materials used in bone surgery. Discharge or pain beginning late should also be reported.

Bleeding, the wound and infection

Bleeding, haematoma, a collection of fluid and infection are among the reported risks of chin surgery.⁵ Where there is rapidly growing swelling, increasing pain, fever, spreading redness or discharge, the scheduled check-up is not waited for. Where an intraoral incision has been used, new complaints in that area are also reported.

Delayed healing or separation of the wound is possible.⁵ Prevention of infection and treatment where needed are decided according to the person's situation and the procedure carried out. There is no single medication plan for everyone; treatment that has been prescribed is not changed independently.

Anaesthetic and general surgical risks

Unwanted effects related to the anaesthetic, and cardiac and pulmonary complications, are included in the general risk assessment for chin surgery.⁵ Previous problems with anaesthetics and drug allergies are reported; the precautions to be taken are planned together with the health history.

Blood clots: A clot forming in the leg veins and travelling to the lungs is serious. One-sided leg pain and swelling, sudden shortness of breath or chest pain need urgent assessment.

The approach to preventing clots is decided according to the person's risk and the operation planned. The measures to be used are explained in the discharge and care plan. No blood thinner is started without being prescribed, and existing treatment is not altered on the person's own decision.

Does the result change over time?

In the abstract of the systematic review by Janssens and colleagues, 8 studies assessing osseous genioplasty in which the chin alone was advanced were examined.¹⁶ In those studies, which included at least 1 year of follow-up, horizontal relapse at the chin after 1 year was reported in the range of 0.1-2.1 mm in the bone and 0.3-2.9 mm in the soft tissue.¹⁶

The authors found the procedure generally stable in the front-to-back direction; that result does not mean there was no relapse at all.¹⁶ The ranges are the results of the studies, not a promise of movement or durability to be given to a person. These data cannot be used as the same result for implants, for setting the chin back, or for all chin operations.

With an implant, long-term assessment depends not only on it remaining in place but also on changes in the bone beneath it.¹⁵ No promise of a fixed number of years or of lifelong stability is made for the result. Assessing a new complaint does not become unnecessary because the first period of healing is complete.

What can be expected from the result?

The aim is to assess the change at the chin determined at the examination within the person's own face and expectations. No single angle, length or chin shape is a target for everyone. That the bone structure, the added volume and soft tissue laxity are separate aims is maintained in assessing the result as well.

The first appearance can be masked by swelling, and where the desired result is not achieved with one operation, a further procedure may be needed.¹⁷ The shape becoming possible to assess over 1-2 months does not conflict with mild swelling lasting 2-3 months. Sensation, the incision and daily function are monitored together with appearance.

The ASPS information on results likewise states clearly that the result cannot be guaranteed.¹⁷ No promise of complete symmetry or of a preselected appearance is made. Where the burden and the risks of surgery are not acceptable for the change expected, the option of not operating is preserved.

When should you contact a doctor?

Do not wait for the scheduled check-up in the following situations:

• Rapidly increasing swelling and tightness in the chin, the floor of the mouth or the neck
• Swelling that obstructs breathing or swallowing
• Pain that increases rather than settling, or becomes marked despite the pain treatment given
• Fever, spreading redness, or discharge from an intraoral or an external incision line
• Separation of the wound, bleeding that does not stop, or the implant becoming visible
• New marked loss of sensation, a change in lower lip movement, or a new difference in the bite

Problems relating to the position of an implant and to wound healing are among the reported risks of chin surgery.⁵ No attempt is made to correct these symptoms at home with forceful massage or by trying to push the material back into place.

One-sided leg pain and swelling, sudden shortness of breath or chest pain are also emergencies. Where breathing or swallowing in particular is obstructed, urgent assessment should not be delayed while trying to reach the surgeon.

About the numbers in this article

The times for the operation, the hospital stay, stitch removal, returning to activity, and for bruising, swelling, the shape and the scar, are the clinical timetable approved by the surgeon. Soft food during the first week is likewise a care instruction that can vary with the method. These are not results established for all patients in the research.

The percentages relating to the implant approach come only from the abstract of the implant review, and the millimetre ranges for relapse only from the abstract of the review of isolated advancement genioplasty.¹⁰¹⁶ These two sets of data are not combined into a success rate for a single operation. The radiographic measurement of bone resorption is likewise not the sum of all complications.¹⁵

The results of the smoking cessation studies cover different operations; the relative reductions do not mean a risk percentage specific to chin surgery, nor an effect shown separately for all nicotine products.¹²¹³¹⁴

References

1. American Society of Plastic Surgeons. Chin Surgery. Accessed 7 September 2026. Institutional text ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵ ↩⁶ ↩⁷

2. Kauke-Navarro M, Knoedler L, Allam O, et al. Implant-Based Chin Augmentation Vs Osseous Genioplasty: A Systematic Review of Indications and Outcomes. Aesthet Surg J Open Forum. 2025;7:ojaf048. doi:10.1093/asjof/ojaf048 ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵ ↩⁶

3. British Association of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgeons. Craniofacial Surgery, Genioplasty section. Accessed 7 September 2026. Institutional text ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴

4. American Society of Plastic Surgeons. Chin Surgery Candidates. Accessed 7 September 2026. Institutional text ↩ ↩²

5. American Society of Plastic Surgeons. Chin Surgery Risks and Safety. Accessed 7 September 2026. Institutional text ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵ ↩⁶ ↩⁷ ↩⁸ ↩⁹ ↩¹⁰ ↩¹¹

6. American Society of Plastic Surgeons. Chin Surgery Consultation. Accessed 7 September 2026. Institutional text ↩ ↩²

7. Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust. Genioplasty. Version 8, 31 July 2025. Accessed 7 September 2026. Institutional text ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵ ↩⁶ ↩⁷

8. American Society of Plastic Surgeons. Chin Surgery Procedure Steps. Accessed 7 September 2026. Institutional text ↩

9. American Society of Plastic Surgeons. Chin Surgery Recovery. Accessed 7 September 2026. Institutional text ↩ ↩² ↩³

10. Liao CD, Rodriguez E, Zhao K, Kunda N, George F. Complications Following Alloplastic Chin Augmentation: A Systematic Review of Implant Materials and Surgical Techniques. Ann Plast Surg. 2023;90(6S Suppl 5):S515-S520. doi:10.1097/SAP.0000000000003423 ↩ ↩² ↩³

11. American Society of Plastic Surgeons. Managing the risks of smoking in plastic surgery patients. Practice reference, 9 October 2024. Accessed 5 September 2026. plasticsurgery.org ↩

12. Mills E, Eyawo O, Lockhart I, Kelly S, Wu P, Ebbert JO. Smoking cessation reduces postoperative complications: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Med. 2011;124(2):144-154.e8. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2010.09.013 ↩ ↩²

13. Fiddes RA, McCaffrey N. Preoperative smoking-cessation interventions to prevent postoperative complications: a quality assessment and overview of systematic review evidence. Anesth Analg. 2025;140(6):1377-1387. doi:10.1213/ANE.0000000000007187 ↩ ↩²

14. Tang E, Rodriguez RM, Srivastava A, et al. Impact of short duration smoking cessation on post-operative complications: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Anesth. 2025;106:111967. doi:10.1016/j.jclinane.2025.111967 ↩ ↩²

15. Yeung AWK, Wong NSM. Mandibular Bone Resorption Following Chin Augmentation: A Systematic Review. Front Surg. 2022;9:815106. doi:10.3389/fsurg.2022.815106 ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵ ↩⁶

16. Janssens E, Shujaat S, Shaheen E, Politis C, Jacobs R. Long-term stability of isolated advancement genioplasty, and influence of associated risk factors: A systematic review. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2021;49(4):269-276. doi:10.1016/j.jcms.2021.01.013 ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴

17. American Society of Plastic Surgeons. Chin Surgery Results. Accessed 7 September 2026. Institutional text ↩ ↩²